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A DESCRIPTION OF A COMPUTER-USABLE DICTIONARY FILE BASED ON THE OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH Roger Mitton, Department of Computer Science, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX June 1992 (supersedes the versions of March and Nov 1986) In 1985-86 I produced a dictionary file called CUVOALD (Computer Usable Version of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary). This was a partial dictionary of English in computer-usable form - "partial" because each entry contained only some of the information from the original dictionary, and "computer-usable" (rather than merely "computer-readable") because it was in a form that made it easy for programs to access it. A second file, called CUV2, was produced at the same time. This was derived from CUVOALD and was the same except that it also contained all inflected forms explicitly, eg it contained "added", "adding" and "adds" as well as "add". I have now added some information to each entry and some more entries to CUV2, to produce a new version of CUV2. This document describes this new file. These files were derived originally from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English [1], third edition, published by the Oxford University Press, 1974, the machine-readable version of which is available to researchers from the Oxford Text Archive. The task of deriving them from the machine-readable OALDCE was carried out as part of a research project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, into spelling correction. The more recent additions have been carried out as part of my research as a lecturer in Computer Science at Birkbeck College. THE FILE FORMAT CUV2 contains 70646 entries. Each entry occupies one line. Samples are given at the end of this document. The longest spelling is 23 characters; the longest pronunciation is also 23; the longest syntactic-tag field is also (coincidentally) 23; the number of syllables is just one character ('1' to '9'), and the longest verb-pattern field is 58. The fields are padded with spaces to the lengths of the longest, ie 23, 23, 23, 1 and 58, making the record length 128. The spelling begins at position 1, the pronunciation at position 24, the syntactic-tag field at position 47, the number of syllables is character 70, and the verb-pattern field begins at position 71. The file is sorted in ASCII sequence; this means, of course, that the entries are not in the same order as in the OALDCE. Page 2 WHAT THE DICTIONARY CONTAINS Each entry consists of a spelling, a pronunciation, one or more syntactic tags (parts-of-speech) with rarity flags, a syllable count, and a set of verb patterns for verbs. The first file derived from the OALDCE (CUVOALD) contained all the headwords and subentries from the original dictionary - subentries are words like "abandonment" which comes under the headword "abandon" - except for a handful that contained funny characters (such as "Lsd" where the "L" was a pound sign). Subentries were not included if they consisted of two or three separate words that occurred individually elsewhere in the dictionary, such as "division bell" which comes under the headword "division", except when the combination formed a syntactic unit not immediately predictable from its constituents, eg "above board", which is listed as an adverb. To this list of about 35,000 entries, I added about 2,500 proper names - common forenames, British towns with a population of over 5,000, countries, nationalities, states, counties and major cities of the world. I would like to have added many more proper names, but I didn't have the time. The second version of the file (CUV2) contained all these entries plus inflected forms making a total of about 68,000 entries. Since 1986 I have made a number of corrections, added the rarity flags and the syllable counts and inserted about 2,000 new entries. The new entries, nearly all of which were derived forms of words already in the dictionary, were selected from a list of several thousand words that occurred in the LOB Corpus[3] but were not in CUV2. I also made changes to existing entries where these were implied by the new entries; for example, when adding a plural form of a word whose existing tag was "uncountable", it was necessary to change the tag of the singular form. I also added about 300 reasonably common abbreviations (see note below). A number of words (ie spellings) have more than one entry in the OALDCE, eg "water 1" (noun) and "water 2" (verb). In CUV2, each word has only one entry unless it has two different pronunciations, eg "abuse" (noun and verb). I have departed from this rule in the case of compound adjectives, such as "hard-working", which have a slightly different stress pattern depending on whether they are used attributively ("she's a hard-working girl") or predicatively ("she's very hard-working"). These are entered only once; they generally have the attributive stress pattern except when the predicative one seemed the more natural. (See also the note below on abbreviations.) I have also given only one entry to those words that have strong and weak forms of pronunciation, such as "am" (which can be pronounced &m, @m or m). Generally it is the strong form that is entered. As regards the coverage of the dictionary, readers might be interested in a paper by Geoffrey Sampson [4] in which he analyses a set of words from a sample of the LOB Corpus[3] that were not in CUV2. The recent additions should have gone some way to plugging the gaps that his study identified. Page 3 THE SPELLINGS The spelling contains the characters "A" to "Z", "a" to "z", hyphen, apostrophe, space, umlaut or diaeresis (HEX 22), cedilla (3C), circumflex (5E), acute (5F), grave (60) and tilde (7E). These diacritic characters precede the letter that they mark, eg "se~nor". (There are also the characters "5" and "6" in "MI5" and "MI6".) THE PRONUNCIATIONS The pronunciation uses a set of characters very like the one adopted by the Alvey Speech Club for representing IPA in ASCII [2]. The system is as follows: i as in bead N as in sing I bid T thin e bed D then & (ampsnd) bad S shed A bard Z beige 0 (zero) cod tS etch O (cap O) cord dZ edge U good u food p t k b d g V bud m n f v s z 3 (three) bird r l w h j @ "a" in about eI as in day R-linking (the sounding @U go of a /r/ at the end of a aI eye word when it is aU cow followed by a vowel) oI boy is marked R I@ beer eg fAR for "far" e@ bare (compare "far away" U@ tour with "far beyond"). Primary stress: apostrophe eg @'baUt ("about") Secondary stress : comma eg ,&ntI'septIk Plus-sign as in "courtship" and "bookclub" 'kOt+Sip 'bUk+klVb When the spelling contains a space and/or a hyphen, the pronunciation has one also, eg above board @,bVv 'bOd air-raid 'e@-reId THE SYNTACTIC TAGS Every entry in the dictionary has at least one syntactic tag (part-of-speech code). If an entry has more than one (eg "report" noun and verb), they are in ASCII order and separated by commas. A code consists of three characters, the first two being the syntactic tag and the third a frequency class. The first is one of the capital letters "G" to "Z" (inclusive), which have the following meanings: Page 4 G Anomalous verb H Transitive verb I Intransitive verb J Both transitive and intransitive verb K Countable noun L Uncountable noun M Both countable and uncountable noun N Proper noun O Adjective P Adverb Q Pronoun R Definite article S Indefinite article T Preposition U Prefix V Conjunction W Interjection X Particle Y Abbreviation Z Not classified Into the M class go nouns used frequently in both ways, such as "coffee" ("a pot of coffee", "two coffees please"), and also nouns that are predominantly one or the other; they may be mainly uncountable with an occasional countable use, such as "waste" and "understanding" ("the barren wastes", "reach an understanding"), or mainly countable with an occasional uncountable use, like "ceremony" and "line" ("too much ceremony", "stand in line"). The second character in the tag code is either in the group "0" (zero) to "9", "@", or "A" to "E", in which case it indicates how to form inflexions, or it is one of the characters "a" to "z", "+" or "-", in which case it gives some extra information about the word. (Abbreviations have the following extra code symbols, not used by other entries: ">", ")", "]", "}", ":", "=" and "~".) The inflexion codes "0" to "5" are for verbs and have the following meanings: 0 stem+s, stem+ing, stem+ed (like "work") 1 stem+es, stem+ing, stem+ed (like "wish") 2 replace final "e" by es, ing or ed (like "love") 3 replace final "y" by ies, ying or ied (like "apply") 4 stem+s; double final letter +ing or +ed (like "abet") 5 all inflexions are given in full since at least one of them is irregular The inflexion codes "6" to "@" are for nouns: 6 add s to form the plural (like "cat") 7 add es (like "fox") 8 replace final y by ies (like "pony") 9 plural is the same as the singular (like "sheep") Page 5 (if there is another plural form, this is entered separately, eg "herring" - "shoals of herring/ we'll have the herrings for tea") @ no plural The remaining inflexion codes "A" to "E" are for adjectives: A No -r or -st form B Comp is +r, Sup is +st (like "subtle") C +er, +est (like "light") D Change final y to ier, iest (like "heavy") E Comp or Sup irregular - given in full The letters "a" to "z" give extra information about the word. The letters "a" to "h" follow verbs, with the following meaning: a 3rd person sing present tense b present participle (-ing form) c past tense d past participle e some other part of the verb f to h follow anomalous verbs only: f contraction of pronoun with verb g contraction of verb with "not" h other contraction The letters "i" to "o" follow nouns: i singular form (pl is irregular or non-existent) j plural form k plural in form but behaves like a singular, eg "economics" (may be used as a plural also, eg "acoustics is a modern science/ the acoustics of this hall are dreadful") l to o follow proper nouns only: l forenames of people m countries, states, counties n towns and cities o other The letters "p" to "t" follow adjectives: p only used predicatively q only used attributively r comparative s superlative t can be attached to a preceding word by a hyphen The remaining small letters (and "+") are as follows: u adverb (not interrog or relative) Page 6 v interrogative adverb w relative adverb + adverbial particle x pronoun (not interrog or relative) y interrogative pronoun z relative pronoun If the first character of the tag code is "R" to "X" or "Z", the second character is always "-", ie there is never any extra information about words in these classes. The following characters are used only after "Y" (the abbreviation code): > singular noun (see notes below) ) plural noun ] both sing and plur } uncountable noun : title = proper noun ~ other Examples of tags are: K7, countable noun that forms its plural by adding es; H3, transitive verb that forms its inflexions like "apply"; Ic, past tense of an intransitive verb; Qz, relative pronoun; T-, preposition. The syntactic tags are presented in tabular form later in this document. There is, intentionally, some redundancy in this coding system. With the exception of "-", any given character in the second position only occurs with a particular wordclass; a "6", for example, can only qualify a noun, an "r" can only qualify an adjective, and so on. This makes the programming a bit easier. There is, obviously, no mnemonic significance to the codes; it is not intended that people should have to read these codes directly. THE RARITY FLAGS The third character of the syntactic tag is either "*", "%" or "$". This is a marker of word-frequency. "*" means that the word occurs in the most frequent 500 words of the LOB Corpus[3], the Brown Corpus[5], the Thorndike-Lorge word count[6] and the American Heritage Word Frequency Book[7], ie it occurs in the most frequent 500 of all four lists. The "$" code means that the word is, in my opinion, rare, with my opinions being combined to some extent with those of two friends of mine. I realise that this definition of rarity seems highly unscientific, but there is no appreciably better way of doing it. I could perhaps have taken the opinions of many more people, but this would have been a long job and I doubt if the resulting list would have been much different. The problem is that today's computer-readable corpora, while certainly large enough to provide data about common words, are nowhere near large enough to provide data about rare words. A word that fails to appear in a corpus of several Page 7 million words is not necessarily rare; conversely, a word that appears several times in one sample might still be rare in general use. My spelling corrector needed to know something about the frequency of words in its dictionary and, in the absence of hard data, it was better for it to have my estimates than none at all. The third code "%" is by far the commonest in the dictionary and denotes words that are neither "*" nor "$". The rarity codes are attached to tags rather than to words because a word can be common in one use but rare in another. "Go", for example, is very common as a verb, but less common as a noun. The OALDCE lists "aneroid" as adjective and noun. While I am reasonably familiar with this word in the phrase "aneroid barometer", I can't remember ever coming across it as a noun. THE VERB PATTERNS The final string of letters and numbers, separated by commas, is for verbs only, and shows the "verb patterns" - the sentence structures - in which the verbs can occur. If an entry has more than one verb pattern, they are entered in number order and then in letter order within numbers. This (fairly complicated) system is taken straight from the OALDCE, and is explained in the book's introduction. THE SYLLABLE COUNTS The number of syllables was computed for each word by separate algorithms applied to the spelling and the pronunciation. If they produced the same number, as they did in the great majority of cases, this was entered in the dictionary. The remaining three thousand or so I did by hand. For the great majority of words, the number of syllables is obvious. There are a few, however, for which this is not the case. The problems generally concern the "@" phoneme. The sounds "I@" ("pier"), "U@" ("tour") and "aI@" ("hire") seem sometimes to be one syllable and sometimes two. I find that my own feelings - and those of others I have spoken to - are influenced by the spelling of the word. Whereas I am happy to count "higher" as having two syllables, I am not so sure about "hire". Similarly with "sear" (one) and "seer" (two). The sounds that follow the "@" also seem to have an effect. While I might be persuaded that "fire" has two syllables, I would be not happy about "fire-alarm" having four. Similarly, if "acquire" has three, does "acquiring" have four? The problem is that the "@" is such a small part of the sound that it hardly qualifies as a syllable. If, on the one hand, it signifies the presence of a morpheme, its status seems raised and I am happy to accept it as a syllable. If, on the other hand, it has no special status and, furthermore, the adjacent sounds cause it almost to disappear, then I can't bring myself to call it a syllable at all. If it is in-between, then I am simply not sure. Being forced to make a decision, I have generally counted "fire/hire/wire/pier/tour" and Page 8 the like as one syllable, but, on another day, I might easily have counted them as two. There is another continuum of "@" sounds in the middle of words like "labelling". Some seem fairly clear, such as "enamelling"; others not so, like "gambling" and "peddling" (and are "gambolling" and "pedalling" any different?). I suspect my decisions on these have been somewhat arbitrary, depending on whether a pronunciation with more "@" or less "@" seemed more natural at the time. One more group of problematic words are those ending "ion" pronounced sometimes "I@n" and sometimes "j@n". I can imagine a vicar intoning the word "communion" in church so as to give it a full four syllables, but then ordering a case of communion wine over the phone and giving it only three. "Champion" in "Champion the Wonder Horse" had three but in "We are the champions" it has two. Some of these have only one regular pronunciation - "companion", for example, clearly has three syllables - but, for the others, I suspect my decisions depended on which pronunciation came to mind when I was considering them. THE ABBREVIATION ENTRIES Largely because of the paper by Geoffrey Sampson referred to above, I have included many more abbreviations in the 1992 version of the dictionary, but I have done so with some reluctance since they do not fit easily into the existing scheme. There were about 50 abbreviations (examples include "eg", "ie", "OAP" and "TNT") in the previous version, because they were listed in the main body of the OALDCE. They were not given any distinctive tags in the 1986 version of CUV2. This was a nuisance since, for example, any algorithm attempting to match spelling and pronunciation would be puzzled by an entry such as "etc" pronounced It'set@r@. I have now added about 300 abbreviations that seemed to me to be reasonably common, and given all abbreviations their own tag. Some abbreviations, such as "amp" and "rev", seem to behave pretty much like ordinary words and I have not marked them as abbreviations. The rest now have their own tag - "Y". (The Y tag in the previous version was used for adverbial particles; these are now tagged P+.) Some abbreviations clearly have their own pronunciation, eg UNESCO, and others clearly don't, eg cwt (hundredweight). I have given them their own pronunciation when it seemed to me that the abbreviation was sometimes pronounced on its own. For example, I can imagine someone saying that some event takes place in dZ&n @n feb (Jan and Feb), but I can't imagine them saying it takes place in mAr @n &pr _ (Mar and Apr), so "Jan" gets dZn whereas "Apr" gets 'eIprIl. But this is often pretty arbitrary. It is not uncommon for two words to share the same abbreviation, eg "Dr" for "Doctor" and "Drive" or "St" for "Saint" and "Street". It would have been a possibility to put in two (or sometimes more) Page 9 entries for such items, along the lines of "convert" (noun and verb), but I did not feel that 'd0kt@R (or draIv) was the pronunciation of "Dr" in the way that 'k0nv3t (or k@n'v3t) was the pronunciation of "convert", so I was unwilling to give such abbreviations two or more entries, but at the same time I wanted to put something in the pronunciation field, so I just put one of the pronunciations in. There is also an unsatisfactorily arbitrary quality to some of the tags. Abbreviations that can go after an article or possessive ("my PhD", "an FRS", "the MCC") were tagged singular noun ("Y>"), and a few can be plural ("GCSEs") ("Y)"). Some, mostly units of measurement ("cc", "rpm"), can be both ("Y]"). Uncountable noun abbreviations ("LSD", "TB") get "Y}". Titles ("Mr", "Col") get "Y:" while proper names ("Mon", "Aug") or abbreviations likely to form part of a proper name ("Ave", "Rd") get "Y=". Others ("asap", "viz") get "Y~". Oddly, some organization names seem to be proper names ("RADA", "UNESCO") while others don't ("the BBC", "the UN"). In short, then, I am uneasy about many of the decisions I have had to make in order to get these abbreviation entries into the same form as the rest of the dictionary, but the important thing is that they are now in the dictionary, so a piece of software using the dictionary will recognize them, and they are distinctively tagged for anyone who wants to take them out. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of the work of extracting the required information from the machine-readable OALDCE, putting it into a standard form in CUVOALD and generating CUV2 was carried out by me between January 1985 and March 1986. I added the rarity flags in 1988 and the syllable counts in 1990 and inserted the new entries in March-June 1992. Susan Drew keyed in the pronunciations of some of the entries, and the file was proofread by Philip Baker, Sylvia Davidson, Ann Jones, Ed Hastings, Kate Murray and Diana Whitaker. Deepa Dougal, as part of her MSc project, carried out the task of looking up all the words from the LOB Corpus in CUV2. COPYRIGHT I am making the file available to others, via the Oxford Text Archive, so that researchers who need a reasonably large computer-usable dictionary do not need to spend months, as I did, putting one together. Anyone contemplating commercial use of the file should contact the Oxford University Press. REFERENCES [1] Hornby A.S., Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1974 [2] Wells J.W., "A standardised machine-readable phonetic notation", IEE conference "Speech input/output: techniques and applications" London, Easter 1986 Page 10 [3] Hofland K, and S. Johansson, Word Frequencies in British and American English, Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities/ Longman, 1982 [4] Sampson G., "How fully does a machine-usable dictionary cover English text?" Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol 4, No 1, 1989, pp 29-35 [5] Kucera H. and W.N. Francis, Computational Analysis of Present-day American English, Brown University Press, 1967 [6] Thorndike E.L. and I. Lorge, The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1944 [7] Carroll J.B., P. Davies and B. Richman, Word Frequency Book, American Heritage, 1971 Page 11 SYNTACTIC TAGS FIRST CHARACTER SECOND CHARACTER VERBS: G Anomalous 0 inflects like "work" H Transitive 1 "wish" I Intransitive 2 "love" J Trans & Intrans 3 "apply" 4 "abet" 5 irregular a 3rd pers sing pres tense b present participle (-ing) c past tense d past participle e other part of verb f contraction pronoun+anom vb g contraction anom vb+not h contraction anom vb, other NOUNS: K Countable 6 plural like "cat" L Uncountable 7 "fox" M C & U 8 "pony" N Proper noun 9 pl same as sg, like "salmon" @ no plural i sing form j plural form k pl but acts sg, like "economics" l proper, forename eg "Sandra" m proper, country etc, eg "Scotland" n proper, town eg "Scunthorpe" o other, eg "Saturn" ADJS: O A no -er or -est form B +r, +st like "subtle" C +er, +est like "light" D y to ier, iest like "heavy" E irregular comp &/or sup p predicative q attributive r comparative form s superlative form t can be attached by hyphen eg "bellied" OTHER: P Adverb u not interrog or relative v interrogative w relative + adverbial particle Q Pronoun x not interrog or relative y interrogative z relative Page 12 R Definite article - S Indefinite article - T Preposition - U Prefix - V Conjunction - W Interjection - X Particle - Y Abbreviation > sing noun ) plur noun ] both sing and plur } uncountable noun : title = proper noun ~ other abbreviation Z Not classified - Page 13 Samples from CUV2 First 50 lines, then 10 lines every 10000, then the last 50. Line 1 'em @m Qx$ 1 'neath niT T-$ 1 'shun SVn W-$ 1 'twas tw0z Gf$ 1 'tween twin Pu$,T-$ 1 'tween-decks 'twin-deks Pu$ 2 'twere tw3R Gf$ 1 'twill twIl Gf$ 1 'twixt twIkst T-$ 1 'twould twUd Gf$ 1 'un @n Qx$ 1 A eI Ki$ 1 A's eIz Kj$ 1 A-bomb 'eI-b0m K6$ 2 A-bombs 'eI-b0mz Kj$ 2 A-level 'eI-levl K6% 3 A-levels 'eI-levlz Kj% 3 AA ,eI'eI Y>% 2 ABC ,eI,bi'si Y>% 3 ABCs ,eI,bi'siz Y)$ 3 AD ,eI'di Y~% 2 AGM ,eIdZI'em Y>% 2 AIDS eIdz Y}% 1 AWOL 'eIw0l Y~% 2 Aachen 'Ak@n Nn$ 2 Aarhus 'Ahus Nn$ 2 Abe eIb Nl$ 1 Abercarn '&b@kAn Nn$ 3 Aberdare ,&b@'de@R Nn$ 3 Aberdeen ,&b@'din Nn% 3 Abergavenny ,&b@g@'venI Nn% 5 Abergele ,&b@'gelI Nn$ 4 Abertillery ,&b@tI'le@rI Nn% 5 Aberystwyth ,&b@'rIstwIT Nn% 4 Abingdon '&bINd@n Nn% 3 Abo '&b@U K6$ 2 Aborigine ,&b@'rIdZ@nI K6% 5 Aborigines ,&b@'rIdZ@nIz Kj% 5 Abos '&b@Uz Kj$ 2 Abraham 'eIbr@h&m Nl% 3 Accra @'krA Nn% 2 Accrington '&krINt@n Nn% 3 Achilles @'kIliz Nl% 3 Ada 'eId@ Nl% 2 Adam '&d@m Nl% 2 Addis Ababa ,&dIs '&b@b@ Nn% 5 Addressograph @'dres@UgrAf K6$ 4 Addressographs @'dres@UgrAfs Kj$ 4 Adelaide '&d@leId Nn% 3 Page 14 Adrian 'eIdrI@n Nl% 3 Line 10001 boggling 'b0glIN Ib% 22A,3A boggy 'b0gI OD% 2 bogie 'b@UgI K6$ 2 bogies 'b@UgIz Kj$ 2 bogs b0gz Ja%,Kj% 12E,15B bogus 'b@Ug@s OA% 2 bogy 'b@UgI K8$ 2 boh b@U W-% 1 bohemian b@U'himI@n K6%,OA% 4 bohemians b@U'himI@nz Kj% 4 Line 20001 dins dInz Ja$ 12C dint dInt K6% 1 dints dInts Kj$ 1 diocesan daI'0sIsn K6$,OA% 4 diocesans daI'0sIsnz Kj$ 4 diocese 'daI@sIs K6% 3 dioceses 'daI@sIsIz Kj$ 4 dioxide daI'0ksaId K6% 3 dioxides daI'0ksaIdz Kj% 3 dip dIp J4%,M6% 12A,2C,3A,6A,14 Line 30001 half-tracks 'hAf-tr&ks Kj$ 2 half-truth 'hAf-truT K6% 2 half-truths 'hAf-truDz Kj% 2 half-volley hAf-'v0lI K6% 3 half-volleys hAf-'v0lIz Kj% 3 half-yearly hAf-'j3lI OA%,Pu% 3 halfback 'hAfb&k K6% 2 halfbacks 'hAfb&ks Kj% 2 halfpennies 'heIpnIz Kj% 2 halfpenny 'heIpnI K8% 2 Line 40001 misdealt ,mIs'delt Jc$,Jd$ 22A,6A misdeed ,mIs'did K6% 2 misdeeds ,mIs'didz Kj% 2 misdemeanour ,mIsdI'min@R K6% 4 misdemeanours ,mIsdI'min@z Kj% 4 misdirect ,mIsdI'rekt H0% 36A misdirected ,mIsdI'rektId Hc%,Hd% 46A misdirecting ,mIsdI'rektIN Hb% 46A misdirection ,mIsdI'rekSn K6$ 4 misdirections ,mIsdI'rekSnz Kj$ 4 Line 50001 question-master 'kwestS@n-mAst@R K6% 4 question-masters 'kwestS@n-mAst@z Kj% 4 questionable 'kwestS@n@bl OA% 4 questionably 'kwestS@n@blI Pu% 4 Page 15 questioned 'kwestS@nd Hc%,Hd% 26A,10 questioner 'kwestS@n@R K6% 3 questioners 'kwestS@n@z Kj% 3 questioning 'kwestS@nIN Hb% 36A,10 questioningly 'kwestS@nINlI Pu% 4 questionnaire ,kwestS@'ne@R K6% 3 Line 60001 statuesque ,st&tSU'esk OA% 3 statuette ,st&tSU'et K6% 3 statuettes ,st&tSU'ets Kj% 3 stature 'st&tS@R L@% 2 status 'steIt@s L@% 2 status quo ,steIt@s 'kw@U Ki% 3 statute 'st&tSut K6% 2 statute-book 'st&tSut-bUk K6% 3 statute-books 'st&tSut-bUks Kj$ 3 statutes 'st&tSuts Kj% 2 Line 70001 wolfram 'wUlfr@m L@$ 2 wolfs wUlfs Ha% 16A,15A wolves wUlvz Kj% 1 woman 'wUm@n Ki* 2 womanhood 'wUm@nhUd L@% 3 womanish 'wUm@nIS OA% 3 womanize 'wUm@naIz I2% 3 womanized 'wUm@naIzd Ic%,Id% 3 womanizer 'wUm@naIz@R K6% 4 womanizers 'wUm@naIz@z Kj% 4 Line 70597 zest zest L@% 1 zestful 'zestf@l OA% 2 zestfully 'zestf@lI Pu% 3 zigzag 'zIgz&g I4%,K6%,Pu% 2 zigzagged 'zIgz&gd Ic%,Id% 2 zigzagging 'zIgz&gIN Ib% 3 zigzags 'zIgz&gz Ia%,Kj% 2 zinc zINk L@% 1 zing zIN L@% 1 zinnia 'zInI@ K6$ 3 zinnias 'zInI@z Kj$ 3 zip zIp H4%,K6% 16A,15B,22 zip code 'zIp k@Ud K6% 2 zip codes 'zIp k@Udz Kj% 2 zip-fastener 'zIp-f&sn@R K6% 3 zip-fasteners 'zIp-f&sn@z Kj% 3 zipped zIpt Hc%,Hd% 16A,15B,22 zipper 'zIp@R K6% 2 zippers 'zIp@z Kj% 2 zipping 'zIpIN Hb% 26A,15B,22 zips zIps Ha%,Kj% 16A,15B,22 zither 'zID@R K6% 2 zithers 'zID@z Kj% 2 Page 16 zloty 'zl0tI K6$ 2 zlotys 'zl0tIz Kj$ 2 zodiac 'z@UdI&k K6% 3 zodiacs 'z@UdI&ks Kj$ 3 zombie 'z0mbI K6% 2 zombies 'z0mbIz Kj% 2 zonal 'z@Unl OA% 2 zone z@Un H2%,K6% 16A zoned z@Und Hc%,Hd% 16A zones z@Unz Ha%,Kj% 16A zoning 'z@UnIN Hb%,L@% 26A zoo zu K6% 1 zoological ,zu@'l0dZIkl OA% 5 zoologist zu'0l@dZIst K6% 4 zoologists zu'0l@dZIsts Kj% 4 zoology zu'0l@dZI L@% 4 zoom zum I0%,L@% 12A,2C zoomed zumd Ic%,Id% 12A,2C zooming 'zumIN Ib% 22A,2C zooms zumz Ia% 12A,2C zoophyte 'z@U@faIt K6$ 3 zoophytes 'z@U@faIts Kj$ 3 zoos zuz Kj% 1 zoot suit 'zut sut K6$ 2 zoot suits 'zut suts Kj$ 2 zucchini zU'kinI M9% 3 zucchinis zU'kinIz Kj$ 3 End of input file after line 70646.